Choosing the Right Business Entity in Bulgaria

Starting a business in Bulgaria comes with significant opportunities, thanks to the country’s low tax rates, strategic location in the EU, and relatively simple legal frameworks. However, one of the first — and most important  decisions for any entrepreneur is choosing the right legal form for their business. This decision impacts your taxes, liability, administrative workload, and even investor interest.

Legal Business Forms in Bulgaria

According to the Bulgarian Commerce Act, businesses can choose among several legal entity types. Each of them has its advantages, depending on your business model and long-term goals.

1. Sole Proprietorship (ET - Ednolichen Targovets)

• Simple to register
• Suitable for freelancers or very small businesses
• The owner is personally liable for all business obligations

2. Single-owner Limited Liability Company (EOOD)

• Most popular form for small and medium businesses
• Limited liability – the owner is not personally responsible for company debts
• Minimum capital requirement: €1 (since 1 January 2026)
• The application for first registration is examined by the end of the next working day after filing
• Suitable for both Bulgarian and foreign residents

3. Limited Liability Company (OOD)

• Same features as EOOD but with two or more shareholders
• Great for partnerships and growing companies

4. Joint Stock Company (AD)

• Suitable for large businesses or companies planning to raise capital
• Higher capital requirements (€25,000 minimum)
• Complex structure with board of directors and shareholders

5. Company with Variable Capital (CVK)

• A new and flexible business form introduced in Bulgaria
• Combines features of traditional LLCs with added flexibility for startups and SMEs
• Allows variable capital without formal amendments to the company’s statute
• Attractive for investment and venture capital structures
• Simplifies onboarding and exit of shareholders

6. Branch or Representative Office

• Foreign companies can establish a branch or rep office in Bulgaria
• A representative office cannot conduct commercial activities but is useful for market entry and research

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Business Form

• Taxation: EOOD/OOD/CVK are taxed under the Corporate Income Tax Act at 10% corporate tax and 5% dividend tax.
• Liability: EOOD, OOD, and CVK protect your personal assets; ET does not.
• Administrative Burden: EOOD and CVK are simpler to manage, while AD requires more reporting and governance.
• Growth and Investment: CVK and AD are better suited for attracting investors or preparing for future expansion.

Example Case: Freelance Web Developer vs. Growing E-commerce Startup

A freelance web developer might benefit from an EOOD — minimal capital, simple reporting, and full control. An e-commerce startup with co-founders and investment plans may find a CVK or even an AD more suitable due to capital flexibility and investor compatibility.

Final Thoughts

Choosing the right legal entity is not just a formality — it affects your taxes, operations, and business image. If you're unsure which option is best, our team at Fiscala can help you assess your needs and handle the full company registration process.

Sources: Commerce Act, Art. 117(1) and 161(2); Commercial Register Act, Art. 19(3); Corporate Income Tax Act, Art. 20.